Time-saving convenience

One of the primary advantages of utilizing affordable paper writing services is the time-saving convenience they provide. By outsourcing writing tasks to professionals, individuals can free up valuable time and redirect their focus toward other pressing responsibilities or personal endeavors.

Expertise and quality assurance

These services employ experienced writers who possess expertise in various fields and disciplines. This expertise ensures that the papers, articles, or documents produced are of high quality, well-researched, and adhere to industry standards and best practices.

Cost-effective solutions for boosting productivity

By leveraging writing services, everyone can open a wealth of useful solutions that save time and contribute to overall productivity.

1. Outsourcing non-core tasks. By delegating writing assignments to professionals, people can concentrate their efforts and resources on their core competencies, leading to increased productivity and better utilization of time.
2. Scalability and flexibility. These services offer flexibility, allowing clients to adjust the scope and volume of their writing requirements based on their specific needs and budget constraints. This flexibility ensures that resources are allocated efficiently, enabling clients to scale their operations without compromising productivity.
3. Access to Diverse Expertise: Affordable paper writing services often employ a pool of writers with diverse backgrounds and expertise. This diversity allows clients to tap into specialized knowledge and skills, ensuring that their writing projects are handled by professionals with the appropriate expertise. This leads to higher-quality outputs and improved productivity.

How to choose the right paper writing service

With the abundance of affordable paper writing services available, it can be challenging to identify the right one that aligns with your needs and budget. Here are some key factors to consider when choosing a service.

Reputation and reviews

Read reviews from previous clients to research the service’s reputation. Positive reviews and testimonials can provide valuable insights into the quality of work, reliability, and customer satisfaction.

Writers’ qualifications

Evaluate the expertise of the service’s writers. Make sure that they have relevant experience and educational backgrounds to handle your specific writing requirements effectively.

Pricing and payment options

Compare pricing lists across different services. Look for transparent and competitive pricing models that align with your budget while offering value for money.

Turnaround time

Consider the deadline commitments offered by the service. Ensure that they can meet your timeline requirements without compromising quality.

Customer support

Assess the level of communication provided by the service. Reliable and responsive support can provide a smooth and efficient collaboration throughout the writing process.

Tips for maximizing the value of affordable paper writing services

To fully leverage the benefits of affordable paper writing services, consider the following tips:

1. Clear communication. Describe your requirements, expectations, and deadlines to the service provider. Provide detailed instructions, guidelines, and any relevant reference materials to ensure that the writers have a comprehensive understanding of your needs.
2. Collaboration and feedback. Embrace a collaborative approach by providing feedback and engaging with the writers throughout the process. This collaboration can lead to better alignment, improved quality, and a more seamless experience.
3. Proofreading and revisions. Thoroughly review the delivered work and provide constructive feedback for any necessary revisions. Most affordable paper writing services offer revisions to ensure client satisfaction and high-quality outputs.
4. Plagiarism checks. Ensure that the service you choose has robust plagiarism-checking tools. This step is crucial to maintaining academic integrity and avoiding potential issues related to plagiarism.
5. Long-term cooperation. Consider building long-term partnerships with reliable and trustworthy affordable paper writing services. Such partnerships can lead to a better understanding of your needs, streamlined processes, and potentially discounted rates for repeat business.

With a wide range of services and competitive pricing, you can find the perfect solution to boost your productivity while staying within your budget.

Conclusion

Whether you’re a student juggling multiple assignments, a professional seeking to outsource non-core writing tasks, or a business looking to enhance efficiency, affordable paper writing services offer a viable and accessible solution. By carefully selecting the right service and implementing best practices, you can open a world of possibilities and achieve your goals with greater ease and efficiency.

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The Emergence of Digital Streaming

A Paradigm Shift in Music Consumption

The advent of digital streaming services like Spotify, Apple Music, and YouTube has marked a significant departure from traditional music consumption methods. These platforms allow users to access vast libraries of music on-demand, with the convenience of streaming rather than owning physical copies or digital downloads.

A Global Phenomenon

Digital streaming has rapidly become a global phenomenon, transcending geographical boundaries. It provides listeners with access to a diverse range of music genres, artists, and cultures, ultimately contributing to the globalization of music.

The Decline of Physical Sales

The Era of CDs and Vinyl Records

Physical music sales once dominated the industry, with CDs and vinyl records being the primary means of music distribution. However, the advent of digital streaming has led to a decline in physical sales. CDs and vinyl records, once prized possessions, have become niche collectibles for audiophiles and music enthusiasts.

The Impact on Record Stores

Traditional record stores, once bustling hubs for music lovers, have faced the brunt of this decline. Many have been forced to close their doors as consumers increasingly opt for the convenience of digital streaming. Some record stores, however, have adapted by diversifying their offerings, focusing on vinyl records and providing a curated, immersive experience for music enthusiasts. This niche approach has allowed a handful of record stores to survive and thrive in the digital streaming era, catering to a dedicated audience of vinyl collectors and audiophiles.

The Shift from Downloads to Streaming

The Rise of Digital Downloads

Before the streaming era, digital downloads were a popular method of acquiring music. Platforms like iTunes allow users to purchase and download individual songs or albums. However, as streaming services gained prominence, digital downloads began to wane in popularity.

Subscription vs. Ownership

Digital downloads require consumers to purchase and own individual tracks or albums, whereas streaming offers a subscription model that grants access to an extensive music library. This shift from ownership to access has fundamentally altered how people value and interact with music.

The Revenue Dilemma

Revenue Streams in the Streaming Era

While digital streaming has revolutionized music consumption, it has also presented challenges in revenue generation for artists and record labels. Streaming services often pay artists a fraction of a cent per stream, leading to concerns about fair compensation.

The Role of Advertisements and Premium Subscriptions

Streaming platforms offer both ad-supported free tiers and premium subscription options. Premium subscribers pay a monthly fee for an ad-free experience and additional features. The revenue generated from these premium subscriptions is crucial for sustaining the music industry.

The Impact on Emerging Artists

Digital streaming platforms have democratized the music industry, enabling independent and emerging artists to reach a global audience without the backing of major record labels. However, the low per-stream payouts can make it challenging for these artists to earn a sustainable income. Getting featured on popular playlists can significantly boost an artist’s visibility and streaming numbers. This has increased the music industry’s emphasis on marketing and playlist promotion strategies.

The Future of Music Sales

The music industry continues to adapt to the digital streaming era by exploring new business models, such as NFTs (non-fungible tokens) and blockchain technology, to create unique opportunities for artists and collectors alike. But, while digital streaming has disrupted traditional music sales, it’s important to note that physical formats like vinyl records have experienced a resurgence among collectors and audiophiles. This suggests that different formats can coexist in the modern music landscape.

Conclusion

The impact of digital streaming on music sales has been profound, leading to a decline in physical sales and a shift away from digital downloads. While challenges persist regarding fair compensation for artists and record labels, streaming has opened doors for emerging musicians and globalized the music industry. As the music landscape continues to evolve, a coexistence of various formats and innovative business models will likely shape its future.

In this era of digital streaming, music lovers have unparalleled access to an immense world of music, making it an exciting time for artists and fans.

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The Birth of Sound Recording

Phonograph: Edison’s Ingenious Invention

The story of recorded music begins in the late 19th century with Thomas Edison’s groundbreaking invention – the phonograph. In 1877, Edison introduced this mechanical marvel that could capture and reproduce sound. It worked by etching grooves onto a rotating cylinder, which could then be played back using a stylus. For the first time in history, the phonograph allowed the preservation of live musical performances, speeches, and even everyday sounds.

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Shellac Records and Gramophones

The early 20th century saw the emergence of shellac records and gramophones, which quickly replaced the bulky and fragile phonograph cylinders. Shellac records, made from a mixture of shellac resin and other materials, offered a more durable and consistent medium for music playback. The gramophone, a hand-cranked device, became a household staple, making recorded music accessible to a wider audience.

The Vinyl Era

The 1940s brought a significant technological advancement with the introduction of the long play (LP) record. These 33 1/3 RPM vinyl records could hold up to 25 minutes of music per side, compared to the shorter durations of earlier formats. LPs became the standard for album releases, allowing artists to create cohesive bodies of work. Simultaneously, the 45 RPM single became popular for individual song releases. These smaller records spun faster and featured a single track on each side, making them ideal for hit songs and radio play. The 45 RPM single format became a staple in the music industry for decades.

The Digital Revolution

The 1980s marked a pivotal moment in music recording technology with the advent of compact discs (CDs). These digital optical discs replaced analog formats like vinyl and cassette tapes. CDs offered superior audio quality, durability, and the ability to skip tracks easily. They revolutionized how music was stored and played, eventually leading to the decline of physical formats like vinyl. The late 20th century brought another seismic shift with the rise of Digital Audio Workstations (DAWs). These software applications allowed musicians to record, edit, and produce music entirely in the digital realm. DAWs offered unprecedented flexibility and control, empowering artists to experiment with new sounds and techniques.

The Streaming Era

As the internet became ubiquitous, the music industry experienced a paradigm shift with the popularity of MP3s and online music stores like iTunes. This allowed consumers to purchase and download individual songs, changing how people acquired and consumed music. However, it was in the mid-2000s that streaming services began to dominate the landscape. Today, streaming services like Spotify, Apple Music, and YouTube have become the primary way people access music. With vast libraries of songs available at the tap of a screen, music lovers can effortlessly explore a world of genres and artists. The convenience of streaming has reshaped the music industry’s revenue model, emphasizing subscription services over physical sales.

The Future of Music Recording

As we look ahead, the future of music recording technology promises even more innovation. High-definition audio formats, virtual reality experiences, and AI-driven music production are just a few areas where technology pushes the boundaries of what’s possible. The dynamic nature of the music industry ensures that it will continue to evolve, adapt, and surprise us.

In conclusion, the evolution of music recording technology has been remarkable, from Edison’s phonograph to the digital streaming era. Each era brought new possibilities, reshaping how we create, share, and experience music. As technology advances, the future of music recording holds exciting opportunities, ensuring that music remains a vibrant and integral part of our lives.

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Reason 1. TV Increased Access to Information

At the beginning of the 20th century, people were getting information from the radio. Eventually, the situation changed and television started taking over the world. More and more people became glued to their TV sets to watch the first moon landing and other significant events. These days, this trend remains valid despite the growing role of the Internet.

Reason 2. TV Changed Marketing Approaches

Sometimes in the 1940s, television was first used as a marketing instrument. Companies used it for promotional campaigns for their products and services. This turned out to be more effective than posting ads in print media. Meanwhile, TV channels got an opportunity to increase their revenues drastically. And it’s worked!

Reason 3. Transformative Nature of TV Streaming

Traditional television is getting replaced by TV streaming services. Thus, TV channels can continue their activities on the Internet which makes them more accessible to the average viewers. Thus, TV content becomes available on Amazon, YouTube, and other streaming platforms. No need to say how convenient it is for both the audience and the TV channels.

Reason 4. TV Industry Making You Closer to Other People

TV shows can bring people together even if they don’t have much in common. A documentary or news often comes up with a topic to talk about. You might also find yourself connected on a higher level with someone when you share how a program affected your feelings, thoughts, or views. You could also come to understand someone and their situation better during the program.
Sharing your emotions about specific shows could never be more exciting. Does someone love the program as much as you do? Does someone share your feelings about the covered topic? How fun is it to share your opinions with other people? This social function of TV should never be forgotten or ignored.

Reason 5. Stress Caused by TV

Depending on the situation, TV programs can cause a lot of stress. News or other psychological shows may cause a feeling of discomfort in a long term. People receive certain information and don’t always know how to treat it properly. But people are different. Many of them like escaping to exciting worlds, even if the show’s themes aren’t “relaxing.”

Reason 6. Creativity Encouraged by TV

The study from The Journal of Consumer Research revealed that people who watched TV turned out to be more creative. Having TV playing in the background makes people think outside the box. It’s not too different from someone who finds that they work better in coffee shops or while they enjoy music. Interestingly, the same study also noted that ambient noise boosts the potential of buying “innovative products”.

Reason 7. Community Formed by TV Streaming

People are watching TV for a plethora of reasons. But the main point is to gain the necessary information as part of the social activity. People can get together for enjoying sports games, follow massive TV events like the Golden Globe, or watch their favorite films together. People have also found bonds with total strangers over their common affection for a TV program.

Reason 8. Physical Health Encouraged by TV Content

Does TV watching affect your health? It depends on how long, how often, and in which position you watch TV. Too much is too much. Watching your favorite programs all day long will surely cause problems for your eyes. Some other side effects shouldn’t be excluded as well.
Make sure to limit your TV watching by keeping it at a comfortable level. Thus, the negative effects will be reduced to a minimum.

Treat TV as an Excellent Source of Knowledge, Entertainment, and Success

The benefits of TV can hardly be denied. These days, it has become easier to enjoy those due to the transformative nature of television. People can enjoy their favorite TV programs on the go and at home. Traditional cable and streaming services have made it possible. So whether you’re looking to have a nice time, get in touch with friends or family, or learn new information, TV can be a great source of entertainment.

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These days, almost 3 billion people worldwide are listening to the radio each week. And this number doesn’t seem to decline in the nearest future. Why is it the case? Let’s figure out the most obvious reasons for radio’s relevance.

1. Radio Is Fast and Easy to Use

Radio is one of the fastest ways to listen to music and get some news while at home or on the go. Listeners can rely on the radio as a great source of information in real time. What’s good is that it works across a variety of devices such as desktop computers, tablets, and mobile phones.

2. Radio Works for Everyone

Radio is one of the most effective media platforms to reach a great number of people. With millions or even billions of people listening to AM/FM radio, radio transmitters can deliver important messages to the audience. No wonder radio stations are still used by companies to promote their products and services.

3. Radio Can Be Customized

Radio has adjusted its operations to fast-pacing technologies and consumer needs. Radio is now accessible through different devices. Listeners can tune into the best radio stations whenever they feel like it. Similar to gambling activities, radio learns how to be more flexible in modern realities. Similar to online casino sites like https://onlinecasinoaussie.com, radio transmitters also have websites where users can switch on one of their favorite stations.

4. Radio is Cost-Effective

Radio can reach the audience more efficiently, with no money involved. You can enjoy radio content while driving your car, doing home cleaning, or having a cup of coffee for breakfast. Thus, you don’t have to pay anything. Don’t worry about the radio owners, as they usually earn money through advertising campaigns with different brands.

5. Radio Can Segment and Target a Specific Audience

Targeting the right audience at the right time is crucial for the success of any project. Radio transmitters choose the formats that allow them to approach listeners in the most effective way. Media companies have an in-depth understanding of the target audience of each station, so they can offer the most accurate insights.

6. Radio Is Local

Radio stations have always been a significant source for sharing local information with people. It’s fast, simple, and convenient to use. One of the most powerful ways to make that connection is by getting air talents engaged. On-air personalities have listeners’ trust while these special connections can boost the idea behind your messages.

7. Radio Is Interactive

Radio offers a more intimate atmosphere for listeners who want to get some political news or psychological bits of advice. Moreover, radio stations never give up on entertaining their listeners. Some contests offer solid rewards like concert tickets or discount vouchers. Radio stations also provide a space for collaboration with social media.

8. Radio Is Well-Trusted

Radio is a well-trusted source of music, entertainment, news, and information in many countries across the world. It’s crucial to remember that listeners trust radio because it’s live, local, and listener-oriented. Radio personalities are viewed by many as well-trusted friends.
On-air personalities curate the format of the whole content that is relevant to the everyday routine. This trust between the on-air personalities and listeners can create a strong connection during a time of uncertainty.

9. Radio Can Save One’s Life

Radio broadcasts have become a significant means of communication in emergency situations. Whatever happens (earthquake, storm, flood, and so on), the radio will speak the details instantly. So you don’t have to google something or rush for buying fresh press in the kiosk. Interestingly, even with a loss of power, an old-fashioned battery-powered radio can be relied on for information.

10. Radio Is Available 24/7

The popularity of radio remains stable, although some experts say the opposite. Millions of people turn out the radio in the background while doing dome work. Technological advances didn’t affect the role of radio. In fact, they made it more accessible. Today, you can listen to the radio whenever and wherever you feel like it. All you need is a mobile device, a desktop computer, or any other gadget.

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Armstrong didn’t give up. He built an experimental FM station in Alpine, New Jersey , in 1939, provided funding for FM receivers, and petitioned the FCC for FM stations. Although the service was authorized in 1940, by the beginning of World War II there were fewer than 400,000 receivers in the hands of the public . By contrast, twenty-nine million households could listen to AM radio at that time. FM service might have grown after World War II had the FCC not changed the assigned frequency range. When FM moved from 42-50 MHz to 88-108 MHz, all the receivers produced before the frequency change suddenly became obsolete.

Local radio evolves
Between 1946 and 1948, more than fifty million AM receivers were produced. As the price of radios fell, the multifamily household developed. Radios spread from the living room to the kitchen and into the bedroom. The growth of television attracted radio programs and audiences, but radio survived by adopting an all-music format and an emphasis on daytime listening. Radio became a local advertising medium.

One of the most popular music formats used by local radio stations in the 1950s was the Top 40 format. This format was the result of the independent work of four AM station owners: Todd Storz, Gordon McLendon, Gerald Bartell, and Harold Krelstein. In trying to develop a new approach to radio station programming, all four of these men contributed significantly to the development of the Top 40 format, which succeeded in creating a new identity for radio. One of the best explanations for the forty-song radio format came from Storz, who said he observed people playing the same songs over and over in the jukebox and concluded that listeners most wanted to hear the hits over and over again.

The decline of AM radio and the rise of FM radio
The Top 40 format helped change the position of radio, but it also created a group of stations with a similar sound. AM radio stations broadcast similar music and jingles, played loud and long commercials, and tended to have poor playback quality (i.e., sound quality). Thus, in the 1960s, attention shifted to FM radio. In addition to the obvious availability of FM channels, operators began to recognize other benefits of FM. FM provided 24-hour service with the same power levels and coverage areas. The width of the FM channel meant superior sound, including stereo, and less interference.

While the Top 40 AM formula did not suggest playing songs longer than three minutes, FM’s approach was to play an album version of ten minutes. Rock music, which grew out of the anti-Vietnamese “flower children” and “make love, not war” movements, provided much of the content for FM stations’ programming. The music industry has also contributed to the growth of FM radio. Top 40 AM stations’ playlists were tightly controlled, and new songs or new bands had few opportunities to play on the airwaves. Many FM stations would play almost anything, so record companies used FM radio to introduce new artists and styles of music. By 1971, nearly half of all radios sold included FM tuners. In the fall of 1978, the national share of FM listeners exceeded that of AM listeners; 50.698 percent of listeners tuned into FM stations.de facto was the standard for most music radio listeners, causing many AM stations to switch to talk radio formats in the 1980s.

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Groups like the Ford Foundation funded public media in the early 1960s. When the foundation decided to stop funding in the middle of the decade, the federal government intervened by passing the Public Broadcasting Act of 1967. This law created the Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB) and charged it with funding public television and radio. CPB, in turn, created National Public Radio (NPR) in 1970 to provide programming for existing stations. In fact, CPB funded NPR entirely and exclusively until 1982. Public Radio’s first program was All Things Considered . . , an evening news program that focused on analysis and interpretation rather than cutting edge material. In the mid-1970s, NPR brought in Washington-based journalists such as Cokie Roberts and Linda Wertheimer, which gave the coverage a more professional and hard-hitting reporting style.

In 1983, however, public radio was on the verge of financial collapse. NPR survived in part by relying more on its member stations for fundraising campaigns, now a vital component of public radio’s business model. In 2003, Joan Kroc, widow of McDonald’s CEO and philanthropist Ray Kroc, bequeathed a grant of more than $200 million to NPR that could keep it afloat for years to come.

After weathering the financial storm, NPR continued to grow as a respected news provider. During the first Gulf War, NPR first sent correspondents to cover the unfolding events in detail. Public radio’s extensive coverage of the 2001 terrorist bombings drew many new listeners to its radio stations, and it has since expanded.

Although some accuse NPR of presenting news with a liberal bias, in 2005 its listenership was 28 percent conservative, 32 percent liberal and 29 percent moderate. Newt Gingrich, a conservative Republican and former House speaker, said the network is “much less leftist” than some might think.

Public radio broadcasters such as Public Radio International (PRI) and local public radio stations such as WBEZ in Chicago have also produced a range of cultural and entertainment programs, including quiz shows, cooking shows and many local public forum programs. Storytelling programs such as This American Life have created a new kind of free-form radio documentary genre, and shows such as the entertainment show PRI A Prairie Home Companion have revived old radio genres. This variety of popular public radio programming has transformed radio from an environment dominated by music to one that is again exploring its enormous potential.

Conglomerates
In the early 1990s, many radio stations suffered from the effects of the economic downturn. Some stations initiated local marketing agreements (LMAs) to share space and resources in the face of this economic downturn. LMAs led to industry consolidation as radio stations bought other stations to create new centers for the same programming. The Telecommunications Act of 1996 further increased consolidation by eliminating the duopoly rule prohibiting the ownership of two stations in the same market and by removing quantitative restrictions on station ownership by a single person.

As large corporations such as Clear Channel Communications bought up stations across the country, they reformatted stations that had once competed with each other so that each would focus on its own format. This practice led to the current state of mainstream radio, in which narrow formats target very specific demographics.

Ultimately, while industry consolidation in the 1990s made radio profitable, it reduced local reach and programming diversity. As stations across the country served as outlets for a single network, the radio landscape became more homogeneous and predictable. As with chain restaurants and stores, some people like this predictability, while others prefer a more localized, unique experience.

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Benefits of implementation
Today you can connect digital TV in any locality. The providers’ capabilities are expanding every year, which allows them to offer consumers a service of high quality and at an affordable price. Let’s consider what benefits such a switchover provides to broadcasters:

The possibility of economical use of the frequency spectrum. Analog television allows you to broadcast just one channel on one frequency, while you can organize broadcasting of 6-10 digital channels in one 8 MHz band only.
No converters, because the broadcaster receives the signal in digital form and transmits it to the air in the same format.

Expansion of coverage and the emergence of mobile users. The transition to digital broadcasting in Europe and America was driven by the need to distribute the signal to moving objects – planes, trains, cars.

Digital TV users can appreciate such benefits:

Maximum picture clarity, sound quality, independence from external interference, a wide range of tones.
Reception of the signal through the mobile terminal.
Additional functions – TV program and others.
Broadcasting with subtitles and multilingual sound.
Five-channel sound broadcast through a digital channel.
Interactivity: participation in surveys, feedback to the broadcaster.

Broadcasting standards in the world
Today, digital television operates under three established standards. In America it is ATSC, in Japan it is ISDB and in Europe it is DVB. Each standard is based on MPEG-4 packet compression technology. Differences concern the ranges of frequencies used, signaling and modulation methods.

Modern digital television operates on the DVB principle. This data transmission standard is subdivided into several independent systems:

DVB-S satellite transmission system;
Cable digital television DBV-C;
DVB-T terrestrial systems;
Broadcasting standard for cell phones DVB-H.

The main advantages of a digital signal are high sound quality, unprecedented picture clarity and simplified work of broadcasters. These are not the only advantages, that’s why digital broadcasting became popular in both large cities and small towns. The principle is that in the studio signals of individual video programs are combined by a multiplexer and transformed into a single DVB-stream. If there are restrictions on watching of separate channels the stream is closed and further on it is modulated.

The subscriber’s TV receiver has a special antenna for demodulation of the received signal. If a subscriber has a right to watch this channel the stream opens and transforms into DVB-container with MPEG-4 format signal and additional elements. This technology allows to receive the maximum definition signal without external interferences.

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In the late 1950s, cable operators began experimenting with microwave radiation to transmit signals from distant cities. Taking advantage of their ability to receive long-distance broadcast signals, operators abandoned local community service and focused on offering consumers a wider variety of programming. In rural Pennsylvania, where there were only three channels (one per network), the number of channels soon more than doubled from the original number as operators began importing programming from independent stations in New York and Philadelphia. The broader channel selection and clearer reception offered by the service soon attracted viewers from urban areas. By 1962, some 800 cable systems were in operation, serving 850,000 subscribers.

The exponential growth of cable television was seen as competition from local television stations, and broadcasters called for Federal Communications Commission intervention. In response, the Federal Communications Commission imposed restrictions on cable systems’ ability to import signals from distant stations, which froze the development of cable television in major countries. markets until the early 1970s. When gradual deregulation began to ease restrictions, cable operator Service Electric launched a service that changed the face of the cable television industry: pay-TV . The 1972 Home Box Office (HBO) venture, in which customers paid a subscription fee for access to premium cable TV shows and video-on-demand products, was the nation’s first successful pay cable television service. HBO’s use of satellite to distribute its programming made the network available throughout the United States. This gave it an advantage over microwave-distributed services, and other cable TV providers quickly followed suit.

Further deregulation under the 1984 Cable Television Act allowed the industry to expand even further, and by the late 1980s nearly 53 million households were subscribed to cable television (see Section 6.3, Current Popular Trends in the Music Industry.). In the 1990s, cable operators upgraded their systems by building higher-capacity hybrid networks of fiber-optic and coaxial cables. These broadband networks provide multichannel television services, as well as telephone, high-speed Internet, and advanced digital video services over a single wire.

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• In 1899 radio stations were installed in Kotka (Finland) and on the new icebreaker “Ermak”. In November 1899, thanks to the Ermak radio station, people were saved for the first time – a group of fishermen, who were carried away on an ice floe near the island of Gotland.
• Heinrich Hertz, professor of physics at the Technical University in Karlsruhe, discovered electromagnetic waves propagating at the speed of light in 1887, and conducted and described experiments to transmit them over a distance without wires using a generator and resonator he created. Hertz did not think about the use of the discovery, stating: “It is absolutely useless. We just have mysterious electromagnetic waves that we can’t see with the eye, but they are there.
• Nikola Tesla, by then working in the United States, invented the grounded mast antenna in 1893 while researching atmospheric electricity, and later experimented successfully with transmitters and receivers of his own design.
• Oliver Lodge on August 14, 1894, at Oxford University demonstrated the transmission of a radio signal from one building to another at a distance of 40 meters. For practical use, the equipment had to be improved, but Lodge did not do it, ceding the palm to Popov and Marconi.
• Guglielmo Marconi, an engineer and inventor from Bologna, began constructing radio transmitters and receivers in December 1894 and filed an invention application on June 2, 1896, that is, two months and eight days after Popov’s first radio broadcast.
• On September 2 in Salisbury, near London, he publicly demonstrated his apparatus, transmitting not two words but a whole text, and to a distance of 3 km, i.e. 12 times farther than Popov.
• Marconi became a major entrepreneur, received the Nobel Prize (1909) and the title of Marquis of the Kingdom of Italy.

Chronology of radio

• In 1897 Marconi established The Wireless Telegraph & Signal Company in Britain and built the first stationary radio station on the Isle of Wight, and in 1898 he opened a radio factory in England with 50 employees.
• In January 1898, the world first heard the sensational news on the radio – about the grave illness in his home in Wales of former British Prime Minister William Gladstone (the telephone line was cut by a snowstorm).
• The first transatlantic radio communication session occurred on January 14, 1906.
• In April 1909, Californian inventor Charles Herrold patented technology that allowed not only Morse code signals but also human voice and music to be transmitted by radio, and coined the term broadcasting (public broadcasting).
• The death toll of the Titanic on the night of April 14-15, 1912, would have been much higher if the ship’s radio had not broadcast the SOS signal and the coordinates of the wreck. Soon a law was passed in the United States requiring all seagoing vessels to maintain radio contact with shore, and a year later the International Conference for the Safety of Life at Sea made this rule worldwide.
• On August 20, 1920, Edward Scripp received the first license to open a private commercial radio station in Detroit, still in operation today.
• In 1924, the BBC began broadcasting accurate time signals over the radio.
• In 1930, Motorola produced the first car receiver.
• In 1933, police patrol cars in Bayonne, New Jersey, were equipped with two-way radios for the first time.
• Participants in Umberto Nobile’s polar expedition (1929) and the wintering on drifting ice led by Ivan Papanin (1938) were rescued thanks to radio amateurs.
• In 1937, the first FM radio station in the United States began operating.
• In 1954, the American firm Regency launched the first commercial transistor radio.
• In the 20th century, authoritarian regimes widely practiced the jamming of “undesirable” radio broadcasts from abroad. This practice now persists in China, North Korea, Iran, and Cuba.
• There are now over 50,000 public and commercial radio stations and about three million radio amateurs communicating on the shortwave band around the world, and the number of receivers is uncountable. All modern information technologies, including mobile communication, wireless Internet and satellite navigation, are based on the inventions of the founders of radio.
• In recent decades, radio has given way to television and the Internet as the main medium, but hundreds of millions of people around the world continue to listen to it regularly, especially while driving. In 1984, Queen recorded the famous song “Radio Gaga” with the lyrics “Radio, what’s new? Someone still loves you” (What’s new, radio? Someone still loves you).

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